The r at the End of a Word

Why the German r often turns into a vowel while the Spanish r stays consonantal.

In German, the r at the end of a word often hardly sounds like a consonant any more – in Spanish it remains a distinct, audible sound. The first listening comparison shows what that means.

Listening comparison: flor

How does the r at the end of the word sound in the two recordings?

Word sequence flor

Reference speaker

Spain · W16

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Learner

L1 German · W16

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Solution: What can be heard? Hide solution

In the reference speaker’s recording, flor ends with a brief tap of the tongue against the alveolar ridge: [ˈfloɾ]. The learner, by contrast, lets the word fade out as a vowel without any audible tongue contact, roughly [ˈfloɐ̯] – just as one knows it from the German r at the end of a word.

When the German r becomes a vowel

In Standard German, this is not a mistake but the normal case: after vowels, /r/ is frequently vocalised. In sehr (“very”), the r after the long vowel is heard only as an off-glide, roughly [zeːɐ̯]. In unstressed endings such as in Vater and Lehrer, the vowel [ɐ] takes its place, the so-called “Vater schwa” (also low schwa): [ˈfaːtɐ], [ˈleːʁɐ]. The two phenomena are related, but not identical in every respect.

The German word sehr thus demonstrates r-vocalisation itself: there is hardly a consonantal r left in it.

Spanish behaves differently. At the end of a word, the r usually remains a consonant, mostly a brief tap [ɾ]: flor [ˈfloɾ]. Regionally and depending on context, the realisation can be weaker, longer or different, but as a rule it remains a consonant. Anyone who transfers the German habit will pronounce flor more like [ˈfloɐ̯].

Listening comparison: lavar

How is the word-final r realised in the two recordings?

Word sequence lavar

Reference speaker

Spain · W9

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Learner

L1 German · W9

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When a consonant follows the r

German r-vocalisation and its possible transfer concern not only the absolute end of a word but often also an r at the end of a syllable – even inside a word. In enfermo, the r stands before the m, in Spanish usually as a brief tap [en.ˈfeɾ.mo]; vocalised, the word would sound roughly like [en.ˈfeɐ̯.mo]. What flor and enfermo have in common is the syllable-final position of the r.

Listening comparison: enfermo

How does the r before m sound in the two recordings?

Word sequence enfermo

Reference speaker

Mexico · W50

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Learner

L1 German · W50

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Especially tricky: r at the beginning and at the end

Reír (“to laugh”) brings both together. In Spanish, the word begins with a trilled r and ends with a tap: [re.ˈiɾ]. German-speaking learners may transfer two habits at once here: a back [ʁ] at the beginning of the word and vocalisation at the end, roughly [ʁe.ˈɪɐ].

Reír also appears on the topic page Soft Spanish, hard German, seen from another angle – the glottal stop between the two vowels. Here, only the r matters.

Listening comparison: reír

How do the r at the beginning and the r at the end of the word sound in the two recordings?

Word sequence reír

Reference speaker

Chile · W76

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Learner

L1 German · W76

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Classroom prompts

  1. Discover your own German

    Say familiar words such as sehr, Vater and Lehrer and draw attention to the r-vocalisation that is regular in German. Where can a consonantal r still be heard at the end – and where not?

  2. Listen to Spanish word endings consciously

    Use the listening examples flor and lavar as well as further simple words such as tirar to hear and try out the consonantal word-final r, with a brief tongue contact at the alveolar ridge and no additional vowel at the end.

  3. From word ending to syllable

    Use enfermo to carry the observation over to the syllable-final position. Reír additionally shows that different German r habits – at the beginning and at the end of a word – can work together in a single word.

Further exploration

Related pages on the r in Spanish and German.

  • Pronunciation in the digital textbook

    The r sounds of Spanish and German, German r-vocalisation and the example reír (in German). Learn more →

  • The Spanish r

    The single and the multiple tap r – and the contrast caro – carro. Go to topic page →

  • Soft Spanish, hard German

    Another perspective on reír and on the sound contrast between German and Spanish. Go to topic page →